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A coal-fired steam boiler works by converting the chemical energy in coal into thermal energy, which is then used to generate steam for industrial or heating purposes. The basic operation involves several key steps: Coal Combustion: Coal is fed into the boiler’s furnace or combustion chamber, where it is burned. The combustion process produces hot flue gases that contain thermal energy. Modern boilers often use pulverized coal to ensure more efficient and complete burning. Heat Transfer: The hot gases pass over water-filled tubes or through a water jacket surrounding the furnace. Heat from the flue gases is transferred to the water, causing it to heat up and eventually boil, producing steam. The design maximizes surface area and heat exchange efficiency to reduce fuel consumption. Steam Generation: As water absorbs heat, it turns into steam. In many industrial coal boilers, steam pressure builds up in a drum or vessel, which can then be distributed to turbines, process equipment, or heating systems. Flue Gas Exhaust: After transferring most of their heat, the cooled flue gases exit the boiler through a stack or chimney. Modern boilers may include economizers, air preheaters, or particulate filters to improve efficiency and reduce pollution. Control and Safety: Water level, steam pressure, and combustion are continuously monitored. Safety devices such as pressure relief valves, feedwater pumps, and flame detectors prevent accidents and maintain stable operation. Overall, coal-fired steam boilers provide a reliable and high-capacity source of steam, making them suitable for power generation, industrial heating, and manufacturing processes, though modern designs focus on efficiency and emission reduction.